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[vc_row type=”vc_default” css=”.vc_custom_1583243566026{margin-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_column width=”1/2″][vc_column_text] Applying for a Partner Visa is a challenging process and the fact that the partner visa has the highest refusal rate (37%) of all Australian visas doesn’t make it less stressful. For the Partner Visa the applicant needs to collect what feels like hundreds of documents to upload to prove that he/she is in a genuine relationship with his/her Australian partner. One of those documents is very crucial: the relationship statement. Before being able to start uploading all your evidence (photos, bills, etc.), you will have to write your relationship statement for the partner visa – a process that clients often struggle with as they are never quite sure how to write a relationship statement to support their partner visa application. The relationship statement is needed for all visa types (subclass 820, subclass 801, subclass 309 and subclass 100) [/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=”15px”][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/2″][dt_fancy_image image_id=”2535″ height=”450″][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row type=”vc_default” css=”.vc_custom_1583243650355{margin-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_column width=”1/2″][dt_fancy_image image_id=”2550″ height=”380″][vc_empty_space height=”15px”][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/2″][vc_column_text] What needs to be included? What language is used ? How long does it need to be ? Can we have an example of a successful relationship statement ? These are some of the most frequently asked questions in our office when it comes to partner visa applications. In this blog, we will go through the most important points you need to have in your partner visa relationship statements and give you tips on what information you will have to include. [/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row type=”vc_default” css=”.vc_custom_1583243657941{margin-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_column width=”1/2″][vc_column_text] Your relationship statement can be a simple word document explaining how your relationship developed. It will have to cover all 4 pillars: shared financial responsibilities nature of the household social activities future commitment. Before you start writing! Partner Visa changes are coming in the next few months. Make sure you apply sooner rather than later! Before you start writing remember: Dates are a crucial part of your statement. The Department wants to when you’ve first met, what date you considered your relationship to be official, when did you move in together, when did you get your relationship registered (if applicable), when did you get married (if applicable). [/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=”15px”][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/2″][dt_fancy_image image_id=”2553″ height=”510″][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row type=”vc_default” css=”.vc_custom_1583243665659{margin-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_column width=”1/2″][dt_fancy_image image_id=”2554″ height=”370″][vc_empty_space height=”15px”][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/2″][vc_column_text] Honesty, accuracy, structure and detail are the key factors to the perfect statement and though it sounds cliché reading those key points, it will ultimately decide on whether you will be able to live with your partner or not…..so no laughing matter, being genuine and honest is absolutely mandatory. When it comes to the length of your statement, there really is no set limit. You just need to make sure to have covered all important aspects of your relationship. The average is usually between 2-4 pages but can be shorter or longer in another cases. Again, the partner visa is a visa that highly depends on your situation and circumstances. [/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row type=”vc_default” css=”.vc_custom_1583243677531{margin-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_column][vc_column_text] Writing relationship statement If you follow our structure below and provide detailed answers to the questions and give relevant examples, you will be well on your way to writing a good relationship statement for your partner visa. Beware: All relationships and people are different and the case officers know that. If they feel you are using someone’s statement or are making up stories, they will investigate further. Be honest and state your stories and its facts. Try and provide as much evidence to support your story. (e.g. phone logs, screenshots, social media messages, etc.). Write in your own words. Your English does not need to be perfect. Case Officers know that not everyone speaks English as their first language. Just write the truth, give details and provide documents to support your statement. [/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=”15px”][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row disable_element=”yes” type=”vc_default” css=”.vc_custom_1589570621869{margin-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_column width=”1/2″][vc_column_text] How, when and where did you first meet each other? Try to write the exact date, time and place you first met each other. What made/him or her stand out? What were the circumstances? Where you at a party? Did you know each other from work? Simply tell your own story in a few sentences here). Sample: I met my partner in 2017 at a Christmas party we were both invited to. We were introduced to each other through a common friend (name of friend and how you both know the friend). We started talking and exchanged numbers. After the Christmas party we stayed in touch through phone calls, messages and facebook. [/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=”15px”][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/2″][dt_fancy_image image_id=”2556″ height=”420″][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row disable_element=”yes” type=”vc_default” css=”.vc_custom_1589570654357{margin-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_column width=”1/2″][dt_fancy_image image_id=”2558″ height=”450″][vc_empty_space height=”15px”][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/2″][vc_column_text] What were the activities you did together/ are still doing together as a couple? Here you can mention the places you went to, what you like doing together. This can include cooking together, taking long walks, going to the gym together etc. Sample: XX and I both enjoy travelling, which is why we have traveled together to Spain, the US and England. We stayed at a number of different hotels (write down the hotel names if you can remember). While in the US, we went to a baseball game (see if you can find the tickets to the game, showing seats next to each other). In Spain we went to …. and …….. In England, we visited some of his/her family members (if applicable!, you can attach photos later if you have some). [/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row disable_element=”yes” type=”vc_default” css=”.vc_custom_1589570667032{margin-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_column][vc_column_text] How the relationship developed into something stronger/closer (marriage/de facto) ? When did he/she meet your family and friends? Was there an incident that brought you closer as a couple? When did you first move in together? How did you decide on that? Have you made any big purchases together (applianced, car, insurance etc.)? This part might be longer than the others for some couples. It all depends on your own story and the longer you have been together, the more likely it is that you have shared many experiences together. Sample: We decided to move in together after having dated for XXXX months/years. He/She has met my family after XXX months

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Genuine Temporary Entrant (GTE) criterion for a sc 407 Training visa The Genuine Temporary Entrant (GTE) criterion is one of the key requirements for the subclass 407 Training visa. Let me address this today for the benefit of those who may be thinking of applying for this visa. Department of Home Affairs (DoHA) will determine whether you have a true purpose of temporary stay in Australia for the purpose of this visa. To ascertain that you will be a genuine temporary entrant into Australia, the Department will consider your background, immigration history, incentive to stay in Australia and return to your home country. When the Department assesses your personal circumstances in your home country, there are a variety of factors to be considered: The first consideration is your personal circumstances in your home country You should consider providing evidence to prove personal ties in your home country. This is an important factor as the Department will consider whether or not this serves as a significant incentive for you to return to your home country upon completion of your training in Australia. Your personal ties can be your family, employment and community ties. The Department may also consider your economic situation in your home country. Other factors that the Department may take into consideration is the political and civil unrest in your home country and/or whether you are required to serve military service that may be a significant incentive for you to remain in Australia rather than going back home to complete your military service. The next consideration to assess the GTE criterion for the grant of 407 Training visa visa is your potential circumstances in Australia The Department will also take consider whether you have any personal ties in Australia which may act as an incentive for you to remain in Australia after the expiry of 407 Training visa. And, this can be your family, partner or community ties. If that is the case, you will need to sufficiently address them in your GTE submission to avoid the risk of refusal of your visa application. Another consideration is your choice of training opportunity in Australia Why have you chosen to come to Australia over other countries? Why have you chosen to do your training here? The answers to these questions are likely to benefit your genuine temporary entrant statement. It may be beneficial to your application to outline your knowledge of other country’s training opportunities and why you have chosen Australia as your training destination. Another factor to consider is how your training in Australia will influence your future job position and monthly salary. Will you receive a higher salary and position if you were to undergo training in Australia compared to if you were to undergo training in your home country? Will this investment be worthwhile in the long term? Choice of employer could be another consideration that the Department may make It is important to justify why you have chosen a particular employer to do your training. Purpose of training Your intention to come to Australia to train is extremely important as it can be the breaking point to satisfy the GTE criterion. The Department will assess your choice of training and what relevance it has to your previous study, qualification and previous full-time employment. Another factor that is considered is whether the same training is available in your home country and if available, why you are choosing to come to Australia. There are several other factors that are relevant to effectively address the GTE criterion for 407 Training visa such as, How will this program benefit your career path Records of previous visa applications in Australia and previous travels Duration of Training Your expected compliance with visa conditions, and MUCH MORE. We hope this video will help you understand the GTE a little better. We have done hundreds of successful applications and have also trained hundreds of migration agents in making successful applications for their clients. We are known industry leader in the visa subclass and are here to help you prepare strong applications that may have higher chances of approval. Also, when it comes to writing submissions including specifically tailored submissions on GTE and other requirements, you can rely on our industry-wide established expertise in the subject matter. If you need to discuss your case or need assistance, we will be more than happy to assist. Please feel free to call us on 02 4626 1002 or send your enquiry to info@migrationcentreofaustralia.com.au[/vc_column_text][vc_video link=”https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9r1_6Qf2–U”][/vc_column][/vc_row]

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Making a successful Partner Visa Application – FOUR PILLARS OF A PARTNER VISA Every year thousands of partner visas are lodged, which are subsequently either granted or refused. Making a partner visa can be cumbersome. Today we discuss the key essentials for a partner visa Application. The process for applying for the partner visa is a complex process and requires substantial documents, evidences and detailed submissions on various aspects. The basic eligibility for a partner visa is – you must prove to the Department that you are in a genuine relationship with your sponsoring spouse or de facto partner, which is committed and ongoing to the exclusion of all others. To cut significant waiting time it is advised that application should be lodged as ‘decision ready’ i.e. providing all documents at the time of application to the Department. The current processing time for a partner visa is quite lengthy for about 15 – 20 months.And, on top of that is also very expensive. The Visa application fee of the Department itself is over $7,000. Therfore, it is extremely important to involve a migration agent to assist you in your visa application to make your journey and move to Australia as smooth as possible. When lodging a partner visa, it is important to demonstrate to the Department your relationship with your partner is genuine, committed and ongoing. The four factors or the four pillars as they are called are the key essentials whether a relationship meets the requirements of a spousal relationship. 1. The first factor or first pillar is Financial aspects of your relationship 2. 2nd factor is Nature of Commitment 3. The third pillar is Social Aspects of the relationship Please note that certain states, such as New South Wales and Victoria, allow de facto partners to obtain relationship certificates which registers the relationship legally. This is of particular help in applications where the de facto relationships has existed for less than the prescribed 12-month commitment in Department’s regulations. 4. And, the fourth factor is Nature of House-hole Now there are several factors, evidences and submissions that are required to be considered to address these factors or pillars to clearly, strongly, effectively and substantially demonstrate a genuine, ongoing and committed relationship to the satisfaction of the decision makers, Case Officers at the Department of Home Affairs. All 4 aspects of the relationship are equally important and therefore, a strong application for a partner visa needs a careful approach given high cost and long waiting period. Evidence provided for long term relationship is looked at with regards to all the other evidences provided as well, and not as a single pillar. One criterion, not sufficiently addressed, could lead to refusal of an application. At Migration Centre of Australia, we have expertise in handling complex cases and have assisted several applicants for a favourable outcome.We also specialise in writing statement letters for a partner visa. Should you need any assistance, please do not hesitate to contact us on 02 4626 1002 or write to us at info info@migrationcentreofaustralia.com.au to book an obligation free consultation to make your partner visa application process smoother for you.   [/vc_column_text][vc_video link=”https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1pAo5h59kw”][/vc_column][/vc_row]

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Skilled Nominated (Subclass 190) visa – Everything you need to know Today, I will be discussing about another option for a permanent visa for Australia. This maybe an interesting visa for many people as not only it increases the chances of an invitation to apply by giving five (5) additional points, but also provides all the benefits of permanent residency including living in metro areas of Australia. So what is different about this visa compared to the 189 visa? The subclass 190 visa is still a points-based permanent visa for skilled workers. However, the applicants must be nominated by an Australian state or territory. Let us now talk about key benefits of a Skilled Nominated (subclass 190) visa. This visa offers all the benefits of Australian permanent residence for you and your family, such as: • Work and live in Australia indefinitely with no restrictions except that you live and work in the nominated state or territory for initial 2 years while holding this visa. Different states and territories may have different requirements though. So you can: • work in any occupation and alsostudy in Australia • Enrol in Medicare, Australia’s state-run healthcare program • Opportunity to apply for Australian citizenship, when you become eligible • You can also sponsor eligible relatives for permanent residence or travel to Australia • Travel in and out of Australia for 5 years as this visa is granted for 5 years every time like the other permanent visas, until you become a citizen of Australia. Regarding, Eligibility requirements, The first thing is that you need to nominate an occupation for you based on your qualifications and skills, and that occupation must be on the Medium to Long-term Strategic Skills list. And thencheck that you meet the eligibility requirements to be able to apply for this visa, such as: • You must be under the age of 45 • You must have a positive skills assessment • You must meet the minimum points test pass mark of 65 points or more • You must have at least competent English (i.e. IELTS score of 6 or PTE score of 50in each of the four components of the test – Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening ORan equivalent score in any other official English tests such as Cambridge Advanced English, Occupational English Test and TOEFL) • You must meet health and character requirements • Not have had a visa cancelled or a previous visa application refused since your last substantive visa you held, if you are in Australia Step 3: Complete a Skills Assessment Step 4: Submit an Expression of Interest (EOI) through SkillSelect Please note that you can submit your EOI before completion of skills assessment process. However, it is advisable to get a positive skills assessment to cover the risks as skills assessments sometime may take longer than you expect and the fact that you must apply for your visa within 60 days of receiving the invitation to apply. Step 5: Please note that for this 190 visa, you also will need to apply separately after the EoI application to the relevant State or territory body. And, once successful in getting the nomination from a State or territory, you may be selected through Skill Select and get an invitation to apply for the visa depending upon your ranking based on your overall score in a particular round of invitation. Please also note that you will also be required to choose a State or Territory in your EoI application when claiming 5 points for State or Territory nomination for this 190 visa subclass. Step 6: Gather your documents and apply for the visa within 60 days of the invitation received Regarding Family members, You can include, • your partner, and • your or your partner’s dependent children in your visa application. Please also note that, There are some obligations that states or territories will require you to meet after the grant of visa, and that may differ from state to state. Now the most common question is processing times. Please note that current processing time for 75% of applications is 10 months, with 90% of applications processed within 15 months. Regarding Fees, please note that the application fees of the Department is $4,045 for the main applicant and, There is also a charge for each family member who applies for the visa with you, For example, $202 for additional applicants above the age of 18 and $1010 for applicants under the age of 18. Please also note that there may be additional fees applicable as second instalment if secondary applicants (other than primary applicant) who are over the age of 18 and do not have at least functional English, i.e., an overall score of an equivalent of IELTS 4.5 in any eligible Official English Test, and that fees is $4,885. At Migration Centre of Australiawe have years of experience of helping people migrate to Australia on temporary and permanent visas including complex cases from all over the world. If you need and assistance or an expert advice on proper eligibility assessment, please do not hesitate to contact us on our Sydney Office number 02 46 26 1002 or write to us at info@migrationcentreofaustralia.com.au to arrange for an initial consultation. We will be more than happy to assist.[/vc_column_text][vc_video link=”https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WCEFxUnZKEY”][/vc_column][/vc_row]

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]There has been an introduction of a new visa – Skilled Work Regional (Provisional) visa (Subclass 491) that will replace the current State Sponsored Subclass 489 visa. This replacement will take into effect on 16 November 2019. Although, at this stage, we do not know the full extensive details of the new 491 visa, we expect that this will be very similar to the current 489 visa in terms of eligibility requirements and advantages to applicants. The key features of the new visa 491 that will be replacing the existing 489 visa will be that it will remain a points-tested visa for applicants sponsored by: A designated regional area of an Australian state or territory An eligible family member residing in a designated regional area So, what parts of Australia are“designated regional areas”? It is intended to be any part of Australia excluding Sydney, Brisbane, Gold Coast, Perth and Melbourne. Unlike the current 489 visa, the regions of Newcastle, Wollongong and the NSW Central Coast will also be designated regional areas. How will points be allocated for the 491 visa? There will be a revised points system for the new 491 visa so you have new ways to earn points towards your score. You will get: 15 points for nomination by aneligible family member or by a regional part of a state or territory 10 additional points for Masters or PhD level Australian qualification in specific areas (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics – STEM). This change is driven by the importance of STEM skills to Australia’s ongoing innovation and economic success. 10 partner points, if: a) You have a skilled partner who is under 45 years of age and who obtains a positive skill assessment in an occupation on the eligible list of occupations that is same list that applies to you and also has Competent English; Alternatively, you may also get these 10 points, if a) You are single; or b) You have a partner who is an Australian permanent resident or an Australian citizen Otherwise, 5 points if your partner can demonstrate Competent English. The partner can be over 45 years of age and does not need to work in a skilled occupation. Points will still apply based on your age, qualification, years of overseas and/or Australian skilled work experience, Australian study and English skills, as they do under the current 489 visa and other skilled permanent visas, such as 189 and 190 visas. It is worth noting that the revised points system I have just discussed will apply to all skilled migration visas. You may have a question that why are partner points changing? The Productivity Commission found that secondary applicants (i.e., partners of skilled migrants) should also be assessed, given their contribution to the Australian community, workforce and economy. I personally welcome this change as the current point system does not allocate appropriate weight to the skill of a partner, who may equally contribute to the growth of Australia. Now, the big question may be about the ranking system from the point of view of an invitation to apply? This may seem complicated but makes an absolute sense. There will be a ranking systems for an invitation to apply for a 491 visa. The rankings are 1. Number 1, Equal first: Applicant with a skilled partner OR applicants without a partner 2. Second bases of ranking is: Applicant with a partner who can demonstrate Competent English (but does not have the skills for skilled partner points) 3. And, the Third ranking is for the applicants with a partner who is ineligible for either competent English or Skilled partner points. Now, the question is whether 491 visa holders can lodge other visas if there circumstances change? The answer is that 491 visa holders cannot lodge certain visas until they have held a 491 visa (and met its conditions) for three years. This includes skilled PR visas (189 and 190), business visas (124, 132 and 188), employer nominated PR visa 186 and the onshore partner visa (820). Makes sense though. Isn’t it? – As this requirement for the grant of 491 visa, to reside and work in a designated regional area, is underpinned by the need to support economic development and population growth in regional areas. Now let us briefly talk about the pathway to permanent residency after 491 visa. How will the 491 visa lead to permanent residency? Interesting change. The 491 will be a five-year visa. You can access permanent residence through the Subclass 191 (Permanent Residence (Skilled Regional)) visa, if: 1. You have lived, worked or studied in the designated  regional area for at least three years,whilst holding a 491 visa; And, 2. You can show earnings of at least $53,900 for three years. If you have a partner, only one of you needs to show this salary level (through tax returns) and this person would be the main applicant for the 191 visa Now, you may have another question about these changes. What happens to current 489 visa holders and those who lodge a 489 visa before the change, that is on 16th November 2019? So, please note that current 489 visa holders (and those who lodge a 489 visa prior to 16 November 2019) will continue to have a PR pathway through the 887 visa. So, they will not be affected. A news, good or bad, that depends upon your individual circumstances. But at least, prepares you for taking a right decision if you have not already applied for subclass 489 visa. Hope this helps as I have received several queries from my fellow registered migration agents and lawyers in Australia and abroad, and also from a few of our clients. As you can see that sometime deciding on the right course of action may be confusing, I advise, as always, that you must seek a competent professional advice before you decide on a particular course of action. As Principal Migration Agent at Migration Centre of Australia and with years of experience in

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Let us today talk about the most popular and widely known visa to enter and work in Australia – the 482 visa, previously known as the 457 visa. 482 visa is a temporary visa which assist employers in Australia to fill job vacancies witheligible overseas workers currently in Australia on other temporary visas or directly from overseas where suitably skilled Australian workers cannot be found in Australia. 482 visa has evolved and changed since 457 visa. The 3 step process in a 482 visa is: Sponsorship Nomination Visa To explain further: To be a Sponsor, called Standard Business Sponsor, the business: needs to be legally established and lawfully operating – the business can be in or outside Australia. Does not need to be necessarily an Australian Business has no adverse information should not have history of contravention of Australian laws On being granted 482 sponsorship to the business, the company can then start employing overseas skilled workers. The Department monitors sponsored businesses that they do not exploit overseas workers and the TSS 482 visa program is used to meet genuine skills shortages. The business has to meet certain obligations imposed by the Department on grant of sponsorship. Some of the obligations to be met are: cooperate with workplace inspectors ensure equivalent terms and conditions of employment are provided to overseas workers pay reasonable and necessary travel costs of sponsored employees (and/or their family) upon their departure from Australia and do not recover any costs from the visa applicants for sponsoring or recruiting them If a TSS visa holder ceases employment, the sponsor has to notify the Department within 60 days of ceasing employment. Sponsorship lasts for 5 years and the business can renew their sponsorship two months before their current sponsorship ends. If approved, the new sponsorship will commence from the date of grant of the renewed sponsorship. Before I touch upon the next step, Nomination – I would briefly speak on Occupation lists which is a major component of the next step. The Australian Skilled occupation list summarises occupations which Australia needs to fill skill shortages. In order to qualify for skilled sponsored migration to Australia, your occupation must be on this list. The Department has now bifurcated the occupationsinto three lists: Short term skilled occupation list, STSOL Medium and Long-term Strategic skills list, MLTSSL, and Regional Occupation list, ROL Nomination: The employer can now nominate a visa applicant under three different streams based on the occupation of the nominee. • Under the Short term stream, the employer can nominate a visa applicant for two years or (4 years if an International Trade Obligation) applies. These occupations are listed on the short-term skilled occupation list, STSOL. • Under the Medium termstream, the employer can nominate a visa applicant for up 4 years. The occupation must be listed on either the medium and long termstrategic skills occupation list, MLTSSLOR the Regional occupation list, ROL. • Labour Agreement stream – Employers who hold a labour agreement can nominate visa applicants under this stream. The visa applicant can live and work in Australia for up to 4 years depending on the terms of the labour agreement. Nomination application is probably the hardest step in the whole process that requires nominating employers to be: An approved business sponsor nominate the applicant for an eligible occupation be unable to find an Australian worker pay the annual market salary rate have a genuine position available employ the nominee under a written employment contract not engage in discriminatory practice employment conditions must be equivalent to Australian workers and, must not have any adverse information The nomination application must be lodged before the visa application is lodged.The nomination application has to be approved and valid at the time of assessment of the visa application. The nominee must start employment within 90 days: they are already in Australia or within 90 days of entering in Australia Please note that the businesses haverights to a merits review process of the refusal decision of sponsorship and nomination refusals. VISA The last and final step is the Visa application by visa applicants. After the nomination application is lodged, visa applicants will lodge the visa application. To be eligible for a 482 visa, the main applicant needs to fulfil certain requirements: be nominated to work in an approved occupation have the relevant licensing and registration required, if apply. So, any occupation such as nurses, doctors, lawyers, plumbers, electrician etc that need registration or licensing to work in Australia, the main applicant must have required registration or license before the visa can be granted. genuine intention to perform the occupation the position is genuine have the necessary skills and experience to perform the occupation (min. 2 years full time work experience in the occupation or closely related occupation) A positive Skill assessment may also be required in certain situations have required English language proficiency (unless exempted) and this may be different for different occupations meet health requirement Health insurance is also mandatory during the stay in Australia If in Australia, substantial compliance with previous visa and subsequent Bridging visas will also be considered for the grant of this visa meet character requirement must have no outstanding debts to the Australian Government I also generally get asked question about the processing timings for a 482 application. Please note that this changes but is currently expected to be around 1 to 2 months. Since the introduction of the three different streams and constant changes being made to the occupation list, Australian migration has become more challenging, particularly increased requirements for TSS 482 visa such as the introduction of Genuine Temporary Entrant, GTE, SAF Levy, Non-discriminatory Workforce Test etc If you intend to migrate to Australia, it’s always advisable to have an expert opinion and seek advice from trusted professionals in the industry. At Migration Centre of Australia, we are well-trained to handle highly complex matters and have successfully helped several clients, migration agents and lawyers . Call us on 02 4626 1002 for professional